The association between sleep disturbances and tooth loss among post-stroke patients / Prevalência de edentulismo e distúrbios de sono após acidente vascular cerebral

ABSTRACT Background: Loss of teeth has been associated with neurological and sleep disorders. It is considered to be a predictor of stroke and leads to modifications of airway patency and predisposition to obstructive sleep apnea. Objective: To investigate sleep quality, risk of obstructive sleep apnea and excessive sleepiness among post-stroke patients with tooth loss attending the Neurovascular Clinic of the Federal University of São Paulo. Methods: The prevalence rates of different types of stroke were assessed among 130 patients with different degrees of tooth loss, along with the presence of sleep disturbances, risk of obstructive sleep apnea and excessive daytime sleepiness. Results: The prevalence of ischemic stroke was 94.6%, with either no significant disability or slight disability. Our sample had poor sleep quality, and a high risk of obstructive sleep apnea, but without excessive daytime sleepiness. Half of our sample had lost between 9 and 31 teeth, and more than 25% had edentulism. The majority used full removable dental prostheses, and more than half of these individuals slept without removing the prosthesis. Conclusions: We found high prevalence of poor sleep quality and high risk of obstructive sleep apnea among post-stroke patients with tooth loss. This indicates the need for further studies on treating and preventing sleep disturbances in stroke patients with tooth loss.

RESUMO Antecedentes: A perda de dentes tem sido associada a distúrbios neurológicos e do sono. É considerada um preditor de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), com modificações na permeabilidade das vias aéreas e predisposição à apneia obstrutiva do sono. Objetivo: Investigar a qualidade do sono, o risco de apneia obstrutiva do sono e a sonolência excessiva em pacientes pós-AVC com perda dentária, atendidos na Clínica Neurovascular da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Métodos: O estudo avaliou a prevalência de diferentes tipos de AVC em 130 pacientes com diferentes graus de perda dentária e a presença de distúrbios do sono, risco de apneia obstrutiva do sono e sonolência excessiva. Resultados: A prevalência de AVC isquêmico foi de 94,6%, sem deficiência significativa ou deficiência leve. Nossa amostra tinha má qualidade de sono e alto risco de apneia obstrutiva do sono, sem sonolência diurna excessiva. Metade de nossa amostra perdeu entre nove e 31 dentes, e mais de 25% tiveram edentulismo. A maioria usava próteses dentárias totalmente removíveis e, desses pacientes, mais da metade dormia com elas. Conclusões: Encontramos alta prevalência de má qualidade do sono e alto risco de apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes pós-AVC com perda dentária. Isso indica a necessidade de mais estudos sobre o tratamento e a prevenção de distúrbios do sono em pacientes com AVC e perda dentária.

Are physical inactivity, sitting time and screen time associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults? A cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sitting time, screen time and low physical activity (PA) levels have been associated with several diseases and all-cause mortality. PA is related to better sleep quality and absence of daytime sleepiness, along with lower risks of obstructive syndrome apnea (OSA). However, studies on the relationship between sitting time, screen time and OSA are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between PA levels, sitting time, screen time and OSA among adults with suspected sleep disorder. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. METHODS: Data were collected from 369 adults with suspected sleep disorders who visited the hospital's neurophysiology clinic between August 2015 and January 2017. RESULTS: Correlations between hypopnea and PA indicators were demonstrated for total sitting time (0.123; P = 0.019) and total screen time (0.108; P = 0.038). There was also a correlation between latency for rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM_LAT) and total sitting time (0.103; P = 0.047) and a negative correlation between mean oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO_Avg) and total PA time (-0.103; P = 0.048). There were no associations between PA parameters and apnea-hypopnea index. After adjusting for confounding factors (body mass index, age and gender), sitting time and screen time were not associated with OSA. CONCLUSION: After adjusting for anthropometric and clinical factors, excessive sitting time or screen time was not associated with OSA in adults suspected of sleep disorders. Age, gender, hypertension, body mass index and waist circumference were associated with OSA.

A long-term ischemic stroke risk score model in patients aged 60 years and older with obstructive sleep apnea: a multicenter prospective cohort study / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the independent risk factors of long-term ischemic stroke and establish a nomogram for predicting the long-term risks in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).@*METHODS@#This multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted from January, 2015 to October, 2017 among consecutive elderly patients (≥60 years) with newly diagnosed OSA without a history of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and loss of important clinical indicators. The follow-up outcome was the occurrence of ischemic stroke. The baseline demographic and clinical data, sleep parameters, laboratory and ultrasound results were collected from all the patients, who were randomized into the modeling group (n=856) and validation group (n=258) at a 3∶1 ratio. LASSO regression was used for variable reduction and dimension screening, and the risk score prediction model of ischemic stroke was established based on Cox proportional hazard regression.@*RESULTS@#In the total of 1141 patients enrolled in this study, 58 (5.08%) patients experienced ischemic stroke during the median follow-up of 42 months (range 41-54 months). The cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke was 5.14% in the model group and 4.91% in the verification group (P < 0.05). Age (HR=3.44, 95% CI: 2.38- 7.77), fasting blood glucose (FPG) (HR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.22-3.72), internal diameter of the ascending aorta (HR=2.60, 95% CI: 1.0- 4.47), left atrial anteroposterior diameter (HR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.75-2.25) and minimum oxygen saturation (LSpO2) (HR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.20-1.93) were identified as independent risk factors for ischemic stroke (P < 0.05 or 0.01). A long-term ischemic stroke risk score model was constructed based the regression coefficient ratios of these 5 risk variables. Before and after the application of the Bootstrap method, the AUC of the cohort risk score model was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78- 0.90) and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.78- 0.89) in the model group and was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.93) and 0.82 (95%CI: 0.72-0.90) in the verification group, respectively, suggesting a good prediction efficiency and high robustness of the model. At the best clinical cutoff point, the cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke was significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (P=0.021).@*CONCLUSION@#This model can help to identify high-risk OSA patients for early interventions of the risks of ischemic stroke associated with OSA.

Sleep quality in COPD patients: correlation with disease severity and health status / Qualidade do sono em pacientes com DPOC: correlação com gravidade da doença e estado de saúde

To evaluate clinical predictors of poor sleep quality in COPD patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: Consecutive stable patients with COPD were evaluated for OSA by means of overnight polysomnography; for sleep quality by means of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); and for disease impact by means of the COPD Assessment Test. COPD severity was graded in accordance with the 2020 GOLD guidelines. Predictors of poor sleep quality were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: We studied 51 patients with COPD alone and 51 patients with COPD and OSA. Both groups had similar age (66.2 ± 9.2 years vs. 69.6 ± 10.7, p = 0.09) and airflow limitation (p = 0.37). Poor sleep quality was present in 74.8% of the study participants, with no significant difference between COPD patients with and without OSA regarding PSQI scores (p = 0.73). Polysomnography showed increased stage 1 non-rapid eye movement sleep and arousal index, as well as reduced sleep efficiency and stage 3 non-rapid eye movement sleep, in the group of patients with COPD and OSA (p < 0.05). Independent predictors of poor sleep quality were GOLD grade C/D COPD (OR = 6.4; 95% CI, 1.79-23.3; p < 0.01), a COPD Assessment Test score ≥ 10 (OR = 12.3; 95% CI, 4.1-36.5; p < 0.01), and lowest SaO2 < 80% (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Poor sleep quality is quite common in patients with COPD and is associated with severe COPD and poor health status, having a negative impact on overall quality of life. Despite changes in polysomnography, OSA appears to have no impact on subjective sleep quality in COPD patients.

Avaliar os preditores clínicos de má qualidade do sono em pacientes com DPOC, com e sem apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). Métodos: Pacientes estáveis consecutivos com DPOC foram avaliados quanto à AOS por meio de polissonografia noturna; quanto à qualidade do sono por meio do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP) e quanto ao impacto da doença por meio do Teste de Avaliação da DPOC. A gravidade da DPOC foi classificada conforme as diretrizes de 2020 da GOLD. Os preditores de má qualidade do sono foram avaliados por meio de análise de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram estudados 51 pacientes com DPOC apenas e 51 pacientes com DPOC e AOS. Ambos os grupos eram semelhantes quanto à idade (66,2 ± 9,2 anos vs. 69,6 ± 10,7, p = 0,09) e limitação do fluxo aéreo (p = 0,37). Sono de má qualidade esteve presente em 74,8% dos participantes, sem diferença significativa entre os pacientes com DPOC, com e sem AOS, quanto à pontuação no IQSP (p = 0,73). A polissonografia mostrou aumento do estágio 1 do sono non-rapid eye movement e do índice de despertares, bem como redução da eficiência do sono e do estágio 3 do sono non-rapid eye movement nos pacientes com DPOC e AOS (p < 0,05). Os preditores independentes de má qualidade do sono foram DPOC grau C/D da GOLD (OR = 6,4; IC95%: 1,79-23,3; p < 0,01), pontuação ≥ 10 no Teste de Avaliação da DPOC (OR = 12,3; IC95%: 4,1-36,5; p < 0,01) e menor SaO2 < 80% (p < 0,0001). Conclusões: O sono de má qualidade é bastante comum em pacientes com DPOC e apresenta relação com DPOC grave e estado de saúde ruim, além de ter impacto negativo na qualidade de vida global. Não obstante as alterações na polissonografia, a AOS aparentemente não tem impacto na qualidade do sono referida por pacientes com DPOC.

Major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea monitored in the home. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent pharyngeal wall collapse during sleep caused by anatomical or functional changes associated with obesity or dislocation of maxillofacial structures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea monitored in the home. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in a private clinic in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2018, 427 patients were screened for OSA with home-based monitoring, yielding 374 positives. Information was collected on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes (DM), dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmia, peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD), heart failure (HF) and lung disease. The home sleep apnea test result was then compared with the clinical diagnosis. Lastly, parameters identified as significant in the univariate analysis were subjected to multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Male sex predominated, although not significantly. OSA was associated with hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, age and BMI. The risk of OSA being associated with these parameters was 2.195 (hypertension), 11.14 (DM), 2.044 (dyslipidemia) and 5.71 (BMI). The association was also significant for BMI categories (normal, overweight or obese). No significant association was observed for CAD, arrhythmia, PAOD, HF or lung disease. After multivariate logistic analysis, only age and BMI (and its categories) remained significant. CONCLUSION: OSA was associated with hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, age and BMI in univariate analyses, but only with age and BMI (and its categories) in multivariate logistic analysis.

Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y sus consecuencias cardiovasculares / sleep apnea and its cardiovascular consequences

El sueño es fundamental para una serie de funciones corporales, incluyendo el metabolismo de radicales libres, secreción hormonal y fijación de la memoria. Existen evidencias crecientes de que la simple restricción en el número de horas de sueño puede ser perjudicial para el sistema cardiovascular. Por ejemplo, estudios de cohorte sugieren que dormir menos de 5 horas/noche puede aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM) y accidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Otro creciente foco de interés en la medicina actual son los trastornos respiratorios del sueño. En este artículo, nos enfocaremos a los trastornos respiratorios del sueño de mayor interés para el cardiólogo, el síndrome apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) y la apnea central asociada a la respiración de Cheyne-Stokes. Además de extremadamente comunes, existen evidencias de que estos trastornos respiratorios del sueño, una vez presentes, pueden contribuir al desarrollo o empeoramiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares

Sleep is essential for several physiological functions, including free radical metabolism, hormone secretion, and memory. There is growing evidence that restricting the number of hours of sleep can be harmful to the cardiovascular system. For example, cohort studies suggest that sleeping less than 5 hours/night may increase the risk of developing systemic arterial hypertension, acute myocardial infarction and strokes. Another growing focus of interest in current medicine is sleep respiratory disturbances. In this article, we will focus on the respiratory sleep disorders of greatest interest to the cardiologist, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and central Cheyne-Stokes respiration-associated apnea. In addition, there is evidence that breathing sleep disorders are extremely common and once present can contribute to the development or worsening of cardiovascular disease

El paciente roncador: evaluación y alternativas terapéuticas / The snoring patient: evaluation and therapeutic alternatives

El ronquido es un problema altamente prevalente, que afecta a millones de personas a nivel mundial. Impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida al afectar la relación de pareja y la calidad de sueño, además de constituir un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar y discutir los aspectos más relevantes de esta condición, desde su etiopatogenia hasta las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas disponibles. En la evaluación del paciente roncador se debe realizar un minucioso examen de nariz, boca, faringe, cuello y esqueleto facial, además de estimar el riesgo de que exista una apnea obstructiva del sueño asociada. Son de utilidad una serie de cuestionarios que permiten asignar puntaje a la sintomatología del paciente y evaluar su impacto en la vida diaria. En general, el estudio deberá incluir exámenes radiológicos, endoscopías de la vía aérea superior (con el paciente despierto y bajo sueño inducido por medicamentos) y estudios del sueño, que se pueden realizar tanto en forma ambulatoria como hospitalizado. Existe una amplia gama de tratamientos disponibles para el ronquido, los que han demostrado una alta efectividad en diferentes subgrupos de pacientes: bajar de peso, dejar de fumar, medicamentos antialérgicos, terapia postural, ejercicios faríngeos, dispositivos de avance mandibular y procedimientos quirúrgicos que van desde intervenciones mínimamente invasivas hasta procedimientos avanzados como cirugía robótica, avances máxilo-mandibulares y la estimulación del nervio hipogloso. Es clave para manejar exitosamente el ronquido el realizar una evaluación detallada del paciente y establecer un plan terapéutico personalizado.

Snoring is a highly prevalent problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. It negatively impacts quality of life by affecting couple relationships and sleep quality, as well as being a cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of this review article is to analyze and discuss the most relevant aspects of this condition, ranging from its etiology and pathogenesis to the different available therapeutic options. When evaluating a snoring patient, a thorough examination of the nose, mouth, pharynx, neck and facial skeleton should be performed, and the risk of having an associated obstructive sleep apnea must be estimated. A series of questionnaires are useful to assign scores to the patient's symptoms and assess their impact on daily life. In general terms, patient evaluation should include radiological examinations, upper airway endoscopies (awake and under drug-induced sleep) and sleep studies, which can be performed both on an outpatient or inpatient basis. There is a wide range of treatments available for snoring, which have shown high effectiveness in different patient subgroups: weight loss, quitting smoking, anti-allergic medications, postural therapy, pharyngeal exercises, mandibular-advancement devices and surgical procedures ranging from minimally invasive interventions to advanced procedures such as robotic surgery, maxillomandibular advancement and hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The cornerstone for a successful snoring management is to perform a detailed patient evaluation and to establish a personalized therapeutic plan.

Factores asociados a bajo rendimiento cognitivo en adultos con sospecha de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Factors associated with low cognitive performance in adults with suspected obstructive sleep apnea

La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) se ha asociado a deterioro cognitivo. OBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados a bajo rendimiento cognitivo (BRC) en adultos con sospecha de AOS. MÉTODO: Se realizó evaluación cognitiva empleando la Evaluación Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA); se consideró BRC un puntaje inferior a 21. El diagnóstico de AOS fue mediante poligrafía respiratoria de 5 canales, según índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH). Se evaluó también calidad de sueño, síntomas depresivos, entre otros. RESULTADOS: En 91,5% de 320 pacientes consecutivos se confirmó el diagnóstico de AOS. El promedio de MoCA fue 20,6 puntos. El grupo con BRC tenía mayor edad, menor escolaridad; mayor frecuencia de hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus, y desaturaciones de la oxihemoglobina de mayor magnitud. No hubo diferencias de gravedad según IAH entre ambos grupos. COMENTARIO: Los pacientes con BRC presentan factores de riesgo asociados a deterioro cognitivo, y mayor magnitud de desaturaciones de la oxihemoglobina.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with low cognitive performance (LCP) in adults with suspected OSA. MATHOD: Cognitive evaluation was performed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and scores lower than 21 were considered LCP. The diagnosis of OSA was made using 5-channel respiratory polygraphy, according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Sleep quality, depressive symptoms, among others, were also evaluated. RESULTS: In 91.5% of 320 consecutive patients the diagnosis of OSA was confirmed. The MoCA average was 20.6 points. The group with LCP was older, less educated, were more likely to have hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and with more severe oxyhemoblobin desaturations. There were no differences in severity according to AHI between both groups. COMMENT: Patients with LCP have risk factors associated with cognitive impairment, besides more severe oxyhemoglobin desaturations.

Dysphagia in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea / Disfagia em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada e grave

Abstract Introduction There is evidence that trauma caused by snoring in the pharynx could result in dysphagia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, but the literature is still scarce to define the factors associated with the presence of dysphagia in these patients. Objectives To analyze the occurrence of dysphagia and its clinical and polysomnographic features in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea, in addition to verifying the impact of dysphagia on the quality of life of these patients. Methods Seventy patients with moderate or severe apnea (apnea and hypopnea index - AHI > 15/hour) were selected. The patients underwent a sleep questionnaire, a quality of life in dysphagia questionnaire and a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Results A total of 70 patients were included in the study, of which 49 were men (70 %), with a mean age of 48.9 years. The fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing was altered in 27.3 % and the most frequent alteration was the premature oral leakage with fluid. Comparing the groups with and without dysphagia, the female gender was the only clinical parameter that showed a trend of statistical significance in the group with dysphagia (p = 0.069). There was no statistical difference regarding the polysomnographic features and in the global quality of life score in dysphagia in the comparison between the groups. Conclusions The presence of dysphagia in patients with moderate to severe apnea is frequent and subclinical, reinforcing the need to investigate this symptom in this group of patients. However, the presence of dysphagia did not result in worsening in patients' quality of life, suggesting that, although frequent, its effect is mild. There was no relevance regarding the association of clinical and polysomnographic parameters with the presence of dysphagia.

Resumo Introdução Existem evidências de que o trauma ocasionado pelo ronco na faringe poderia ocasionar disfagia em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono, mas a literatura ainda é escassa para definir quais seriam os fatores associados à presença da disfagia nesses pacientes. Objetivo Avaliar a ocorrência de disfagia e seu perfil clínico e polissonográfico em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada e grave, além de verificar o impacto da disfagia na qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Método Foram selecionados 70 pacientes com apneia moderada ou grave (índice de apneia e hipopneia - IAH > 15 hora). Os pacientes foram submetidos a questionário de sono, qualidade de vida em disfagia e videoendoscopia da deglutição. Resultados Foram incluídos no estudo 70 pacientes, 49 do sexo masculino (70%), com média de 48,9 anos. A videoendoscopia da deglutição apresentou alteração em 27,3% dos pacientes. A alteração mais encontrada foi o escape oral precoce com líquido. Quando comparados os grupos com e sem disfagia, o sexo feminino foi o único parâmetro clínico que mostrou tendência à significância no grupo com disfagia (p = 0,069). Não houve diferença estatística quanto aos achados polissonográficos e quanto ao escore global da qualidade de vida em disfagia na comparação entre os grupos. Conclusão A presença de disfagia em pacientes com apneia moderada a grave é frequente e subclínica, reforça a necessidade de investigação desse sintoma nesse grupo de pacientes. Porém, a presença de disfagia não mostrou pioria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, sugeriu que, apesar de frequente, sua repercussão é leve. Não houve relevância na associação dos parâmetros clínicos, polissonográficos com a presença de disfagia.

Cardiac functional alterations and its risk factors in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome free of cardiovascular disease / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the changes of cardiac structure and function and their risk factors in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) without cardiovascular complications.@*METHODS@#Eighty-two elderly OSA patients without cardiovascular disease admitted between January, 2015 and October, 2016 were enrolled in this study. According to their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, calculated as the average number of episodes of apnoea and hypopnoea per hour of sleep), the patients were divided into mild OSA group (AHI < 15) and moderate to severe OSA group (AHI ≥ 15). The demographic data and the general clinical data were recorded and fasting blood samples were collected from the patients on the next morning following polysomnographic monitoring for blood cell analysis and biochemical examination. Echocardiography was performed within one week after overnight polysomnography, and the cardiac structure, cardiac function and biochemical indexes were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with those with mild OSA group, the patients with moderate to severe OSA had significantly higher hematocrit (0.22±0.08 @*CONCLUSIONS@#Cardiac diastolic function impairment may occur in elderly patients with moderate or severe OSA who do not have hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases, and the severity of the impairment is positively correlated with AHI.

Análise dos níveis de cortisol salivar em jovens e adultos com síndrome de Down e apneia obstrutiva do sono: estudo transversal / Analysis of salivary cortisol levels in young people and adults with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: cross-sectional study

A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é um transtorno potencialmente grave e altamente prevalente na síndrome de Down (SD), sendo de grande relevância o conhecimento de causa e efeito entre essas duas condições. A AOS desencadeia eventos estressantes como esforços respiratórios e alteração da pressão arterial. O eixo hipotálamopituitária-adrenal (HPA) constitui-se em um conjunto de interações responsivas ativadas a partir de estímulos estressores, tendo como um dos produtos finais a secreção do cortisol, sendo esse o principal hormônio glicocorticoide secretado pelas glândulas adrenais, com funções de controlar as reações ao estresse. Estudos buscam identificar uma relação entre a AOS e as variáveis circadianas do cortisol, afim de encontrar biomarcadores que possam facilitar a detecção e avaliação de risco para AOS. Este estudo transversal mapeou os padrões matinais e noturnos de cortisol salivar em um grupo de jovens e adultos com SD, e avaliou as associações entre os níveis de cortisol e a presença de AOS (leve, moderada e grave). Os níveis de cortisol foram obtidos por meio de amostras salivares, por ser um biofluido que apresenta um excelente índice da fração livre do cortisol com resultados confiáveis, além da vantagem de ser umexame não invasivo e eficiente. Em adição, parâmetros salivares de cada participante foram avaliados por medidas sialométricas e sialoquímicas, obtendo-se valores da capacidade tampão, taxa de fluxo salivar e viscosidade. Foram selecionados 23 jovens e adultos com SD e AOS, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 18 e 26 anos, e submetidos a coletas de amostras de saliva em diferentes horários respeitando as variáveis fisiológicas do ciclo circadiano, para avaliações sialométricas e sialoquímicas. As coletas de saliva foram realizadas através de uma bomba de sucção adaptada para essa finalidade, e as análises de cortisol salivar por meio de um kit enzima imunoensaio. O resultado mostrou que não houve significância estatística entre AOS e as variáveis exploratórias gênero, cortisol salivar matinal e noturno, fluxo salivar, viscosidade e capacidade tampão. Os graus de AOS (leve, moderada e grave) não tiveram efeito significativo sobre cortisol salivar matinal e noturno. Todos os participantes apresentaram baixas taxas de fluxo salivar, capacidade tampão dentro de padrões de normalidade e, pelo menos metade dos participantes, apresentou baixos níveis de viscosidade salivar. Concluímos que a maioria dos jovens e adultos com SD e AOS, apresentou condição de normocortisolismo em ambos os períodos matinal e noturno, sugerindo ausência de risco de estresse psicológico e/ou físico. Apesar de não haver significância estatística, foram detectados quadros de hipercortisolismo e hipocortisolismo em períodos distintos e com diferentes graus de AOS.Os níveis de cortisol salivar apresentaram-se heterogêneos nos pacientes com SD independente dos graus de AOS. Por fim, foi observada redução na secreção e viscosidade salivar, com impacto negativo para mastigação, deglutição, fonação e percepção do paladar, sugerindo que seja realizada gestão salivar em pessoas com SD(AU)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a potentially serious and highly prevalent disorder in Down syndrome (DS), with great relevance the knowledge of cause and effect between these two conditions. OSA triggers stressful events such as breathing efforts and changes in blood pressure. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a set of responsive interactions activated from stressful stimuli, with cortisol secretion as one of the end products, which is the main glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, with functions to control the reactions to stress. Studies seek to identify a relationship between OSA and circadian cortisol variables, in order to find biomarkers that can facilitate the detection and risk assessment for OSA. This cross-sectional study mapped the morning and night patterns of salivary cortisol in a group of young people and adults with DS, and assessed the associations between cortisol levels and the presence of OSA (mild, moderate and severe). Cortisol levels were obtained by means of salivary samples, as it is a biofluid that has an excellent index of the free fraction of cortisol with reliable results, as well to the advantage of being a non-invasive and efficient test. In addition, salivary parameters of each participant were evaluated by sialometric and sialochemical measurements, obtaining values of buffer capacity, salivary flow rate and viscosity. Method: 23 young people and adults with DS and OSA, of both genders, aged between 18 and 26 years old, were selected and submitted to the collection of saliva samples at different times respecting the physiological variables of the circadian cycle, for sialometric and sialochemical evaluations. Saliva collections were performed using a suction pump adapted for this purpose, and salivary cortisol analysis using an immunoassay enzyme kit. Results: There was no statistical significance in the association between OSA and the exploratory variables gender, morning and night salivary cortisol, salivary flow, viscosity and buffer capacity. The degrees of OSA (mild, moderate and severe) had no significant effect on morning and evening salivary cortisol. All participants had low salivary flow rates, buffer capacity within normal standards, and at least half of the participants had low levels of salivary viscosity. Conclusion: The majority of young people and adults with DS and OSA showed a condition of normocortisolism in both morning and night periods, suggesting the absence of risk of psychological and / or physical stress. Although there was no statistical significance, hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism were detected in different periods and with different degrees of OSA. Salivary cortisol levels were heterogeneous in DS patients regardless of OSA degrees. Finally, a reduction in salivary secretion and viscosity was observed, with a negative impact on chewing, swallowing, phonation and perception of taste, suggesting that salivary management be performed in people with DS(AU)

Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Echocardiographic Parameters / Correlação entre Risco de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Parâmetros do Ecocardiograma

Abstract Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic progressive disorder with high mortality and morbidity rate, associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), especially heart failure (HF). The pathophysiological changes related to OSA can directly affect the diastolic function of the left ventricle. Objectives: To assess the association of the risk of OSA, evaluated by the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), and echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters related to diastolic dysfunction in individuals without HF assisted in primary care. Methods: A cross-sectional study that included 354 individuals (51% women) aged 45 years or older. All individuals selected were submitted to an evaluation that included the following procedures: consultation, filling out the BQ, clinical examination, laboratory examination and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TDE). Continuous data are presented as medians and interquartile intervals, and categoric variables in absolute and relative frequencies. The variables associated with risk of OSA and at the 0.05 level integrated the gamma regression models with a log link function. A value of p < 0.05 was considered an indicator of statistical significance. Exclusion criteria were presence of HF, to fill out the BQ and patients with hypertension and obesity not classified as high risk for OSA by other criteria. All individuals were evaluated on a single day with the following procedures: medical appointment, BQ, laboratory tests and ECHO. Results: Of the 354 individuals assessed, 63% were classified as having high risk for OSA. The patients with high risk for OSA present significantly abnormal diastolic function parameters. High risk for OSA confirmed positive and statistically significant association, after adjustments, with indicators of diastolic function, such as indexed left atrium volume LAV-i (p = 0.02); E'/A' (p < 0.01), A (p = 0.02), E/A (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data show that patients at high risk for OSA present worsened diastolic function parameters measured by TDE.

Resumo Fundamento: A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é um transtorno crônico, progressivo, com alta morbimortalidade e associado às doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), entre elas a insuficiência cardíaca (IC). As alterações fisiopatológicas relacionadas com a AOS podem impactar diretamente a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Objetivo: Estimar a associação entre risco de AOS, avaliada pelo Questionário de Berlim (QB), e parâmetros do ecocardiograma, relacionados com a função diastólica, em indivíduos sem IC na atenção primária. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu 354 indivíduos (51% mulheres) com idade igual ou superior a 45 anos. Todos os indivíduos selecionados foram submetidos a uma avaliação que constou dos seguintes procedimentos: consulta, preenchimento do QB e exame clínico, realização de exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma Doppler transtorácico (EDT). Os dados contínuos são apresentados em medianas e intervalos interquartílicos e os categóricos em frequências absolutas e relativas. As variáveis que apresentaram associação ao risco de AOS em nível de 0,05 integraram os modelos de regressão gama com função de ligação log link. Análise bruta: Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado como indicador de significância estatística. Resultados: Dos 354 indivíduos analisados, 63% foram classificados como tendo alto risco para AOS. Os pacientes com alto risco para AOS apresentam alterações significativas dos parâmetros que avaliam a função diastólica. Alto risco para AOS confirmou sua associação positiva e estatisticamente significativa, após ajuste, a indicadores de disfunção diastólica - VAE-i (p = 0,02); E'/A' (p < 0,01); A (p = 0,02); E/A (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Nossos dados mostram que pacientes com alto risco de AOS apresentam piora dos parâmetros de função diastólica medidos pelo EDT.

Prevalence of OSA in chilean children and adolescents based on subscale of pediatric sleep questionnaire / Prevalencia de OSA en niños y adolescentes chilenos según la subescala del cuestionario de sueño pediátrico

Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents from four districts of Santiago, Chile by using a six-question subscale from the Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD) scale, which measures respiratory symptoms while sleeping. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. The six-question subscale of the SRBD scale was applied to the parents or guardians of the children and adolescents from four educational establishments in different districts of Santiago. Convenience sampling was used. This subscale allowed to divide the sample into two groups: one group with OSA and one at low risk of OSA. In addition, statistical tests were applied to evaluate the variation between gender and age range. Results: Of the total number of subjects (n=838, 4-18 years, mean: 11.3±4.2), 681 were included. According to the six-question subscale, 2.2% (CI 95% 1.64-2.76%) of the sample had OSA. There is a slight predominance in males, without statistically significant difference (p=0.083). In relation to the age of the participants, there was no statistically significant difference (p=0.512).Conclusion: The prevalence of OSA in Chilean children and adolescents was similar to previous reports. The results obtained by the analysis of the six-question subscale of the SRBD scale allow a more accurate detection of OSA. Future research should promote the translation of this questionnaire into the Chilean context and its use throughout the country.

Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) en niños y adolescentes de cuatro distritos de Santiago, Chile mediante el uso de una subescala de seis preguntas de la escala de trastornos respiratorios relacionados con el sueño (Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders, SRBD), que mide los síntomas respiratorios mientras dormido. Material y Métodos: estudio observacional transversal. La subescala de seis preguntas de la escala SRBD se aplicó a los padres o tutores de los niños y adolescentes de cuatro establecimientos educativos en diferentes distritos de Santiago. Se utilizó muestreo de conveniencia. Esta subescala permitió dividir la muestra en dos grupos: un grupo con OSA y otro con bajo riesgo de OSA. Además, se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas para evaluar la variación entre el género y el rango de edad. Resultados: Del número total de sujetos (n=838, 4-18 años, media: 11,3±4,2), se incluyeron 681. Según la subescala de seis preguntas, el 2,2% (IC 95% 1,64-2,76%) de la muestra tenía AOS. Hay un ligero predominio en varones, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,083). En relación con la edad de los participantes, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,512). Conclusión: La prevalencia de AOS en niños y adolescentes chilenos fue similar a informes anteriores. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis de la subescala de seis preguntas de la escala SRBD permiten una detección más precisa de OSA. Investigaciones futuras deberían promover la adaptación de este cuestionario al contexto chileno y su uso en todo el país

Non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease and insulin resistance: overlooked complication of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome - signaling pathway diagram / Doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica e resistência insulínica: complicação negligenciada da síndrome de apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono

Objective: To demonstrate the interaction between obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease through the signaling pathway diagram. Methods: To investigate the involvement of metabolic signaling pathway, a search was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The signaling pathway mapping was performed using the automatic annotation server of this encyclopedia. The Modeller 9.19 package was used to predict 3-dimensional structures based on the homology modeling protocol. The signaling pathway map was performed using PathVisio software, which is a free available signaling pathway drawing software. Based on the 3-dimensional structures, we have designed several peptide activators of the signaling pathway of non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. Results: The contigs were taken from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database and their mapped transcription represented the signaling pathway of the main biomolecules that triggered non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. The interaction between obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, insulin resistance, and inflammatory factors contributes to the possible development of fatty infiltration of pancreas, leading to the loss of function of the pancreatic ß-cells, and even to the development of other metabolic diseases. Conclusion: The interaction between obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and insulin resistance demonstrated through the signaling pathway contributes to the possible development of non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. (AU)

Objetivo: Demonstrar a interação entre a síndrome de apneia/ hipopneia obstrutiva do sono, a resistência à insulina e a doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica considerando o desenho de uma via de sinalização. Métodos: Para avaliar o envolvimento da via de sinalização metabólica, realizou-se uma pesquisa usando a Enciclopédia de Genes e Genomas de Kyoto. O mapeamento da via de sinalização foi realizado com o servidor de anotação automático desta enciclopédia. O software MODELLER 9.19 foi usado para prever estruturas tridimensionais, com base no protocolo de modelagem por homologia. O desenho da via de sinalização foi realizado por meio do programa PathVisio, um software de domínio público para desenho de via de sinalização. Com base nas estruturas tridimensionais, desenhamos os vários ativadores peptídicos da via de sinalização da esteatose pancreática. Resultados: Os contigs foram retirados do banco de dados da Enciclopédia de Genes e Genomas de Kyoto, e sua transcrição mapeada representou a via de sinalização das principais biomoléculas que desencadearam doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica. A interação entre síndrome de apneia/hipopneia obstrutiva do sono, resistência à insulina e fatores inflamatórios contribuiu para o possível desenvolvimento de infiltração gordurosa do pâncreas, levando à perda de função das células beta pancreáticas e até mesmo ao desenvolvimento de outras doenças metabólicas. Conclusão: A interação entre síndrome de apneia/hipopneia obstrutiva do sono e resistência à insulina demonstrada pela via de sinalização contribui para o possível desenvolvimento de doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica. (AU)

Obstructive sleep apnea and Parkinson's disease: characteristics and associated factors / Apneia obstrutiva do sono e doença de Parkinson: características e fatores relacionados

ABSTRACT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in up to 66% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, higher than in the general population. Although it is more prevalent, the relationship between OSA and PD remains controversial, with some studies confirming and others denying the relationship of OSA with some risk factors and symptoms in patients with PD. Objective: To determine the factors associated with OSA in PD patients com DP. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 88 consecutive patients with PD from the outpatient clinic. Participants underwent clinical interviews with neurologists and a psychiatrist, assessment using standardized scales (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and, for individuals with a diagnosis of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease, the International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale), and video-polysomnography. Results: Individuals with PD and OSA were older and had less insomnia than those with PD without OSA. Regarding the polysomnographic variables, we observed a lower percentage of stage N3 sleep, a higher arousal index, and a higher oxygen desaturation index in those individuals with OSA, relative to those without OSA. In the multivariate analysis, only the percentage of stage N3 sleep and the oxygen desaturation index were significantly different. Besides this, most of the PD patients with OSA had a correlation with sleeping in the supine position (58% of OSA individuals). Conclusion: The PD patients showed a high prevalence of OSA, with the supine position exerting a significant influence on the OSA in these patients, and some factors that are associated with OSA in the general population did not seem to have a greater impact on PD patients.

RESUMO A Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) chega a acometer até 66% dos pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP), prevalência maior, portanto, que a da população geral. Embora seja mais prevalente, a relação entre AOS e DP permanence controversa, com trabalhos confirmando e outros afastando a relação de AOS com alguns fatores de risco e sintomas em pacientes com DP. Objetivo: Determinar quais fatores estão relacionados à AOS em pacientes com DP. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, realizado com 88 pacientes com DP, provenientes do ambulatório de hospital público. Os pacientes foram submetidos à entrevista clínica com neurologista e psiquiatra, à aplicação de escalas padronizadas (escala de sonolência de Epworth, questionário de qualidade de vida da DP, índice de qualidade de sono de Pittsburgh e, para os indivíduos com diagnóstico de Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas, a escala internacional de graduação da SPI), e vídeo-polissonografia. Resultados: Indivíduos com DP e AOS apresentaram maior idade e menor prevalência de insônia crônica que os indivíduos com DP, sem AOS. Em relação às variáveis polissonográficas, observamos uma baixa proporção de sono N3, elevado índice de microdespertares e maior índice de desaturações nos indivíduos com AOS, em comparação ao grupo sem AOS. Na análise multivariada, apenas a porcentagem de sono N3 e o índice de dessaturação permaneceu significativo. Além disso, a maior parte dos pacientes tem relação com a posição supina (58% dos pacientes com AOS). Conclusão: Pacientes com DP apresentaram prevalência elevada de AOS, a posição supina exerceu influência importante na AOS destes pacientes e alguns fatores que estão associados à AOS na população geral não mostraram impacto significativo nos pacientes com DP.

Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of laryngopharyngeal reflux in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome / Avaliação do refluxo laringofaríngeo na síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and laryngopharyngeal reflux are diseases with a high prevalence in the overall population; however, it remains unclear whether they are diseases with the same risk factors present in the same populations or if there is any association between them. Objectives To evaluate and determine the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with moderate and severe obstructive apnea syndrome and also to determine its predictive factors. Methods Historical cohort, cross-sectional study of patients aged 18-70 years, referred to a tertiary service Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with a polysomnographic diagnosis of moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The reflux symptom index questionnaire and the reflux finding score at indirect videolaryngoscopy were applied to the assessed population, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Fifty-six patients were evaluated, of which 64.3% had a positive laryngopharyngeal reflux (positive reflux symptom index and/or positive endolaryngeal reflux finding score). Body mass index was a predictor of reflux presence in this group of patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In patients with positive score for endoscopic findings and reflux symptom index (12.3%), there was a trend toward significance for a higher mean apnea-hypopnea index and a higher percentage of sleep time with oxyhemoglobin saturation below 90% (p = 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux was higher in this group of patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and the body mass index was a predictor of laryngopharyngeal reflux in these patients. There was a trend toward greater oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with a positive score for reflux symptoms index (RSI) and reflux finding score (RFS).

Resumo Introdução A síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono e o refluxo laringofaríngeo são doenças com alta prevalência na população em geral. No entanto, ainda não está claro se são doenças com os mesmos fatores de risco presentes nas mesmas populações ou se há alguma relação entre elas. Objetivo Avaliar e determinar a prevalência de refluxo laringofaríngeo em pacientes com síndrome da apneia obstrutiva moderada e acentuada, bem como determinar os fatores preditivos de refluxo nesses pacientes. Método Estudo de coorte histórica com corte transversal de pacientes entre 18 e 70 anos, encaminhados a um ambulatório de Otorrinolaringologia em serviço terciário, com diagnóstico polissonográfico de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada ou acentuada. Foram aplicados o questionário Reflux Sympton Index e o escore de achados endolaríngeos por meio de videolaringoscopia indireta na população estudada, respeitando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados Foram avaliados 56 pacientes, dos quais 64,3% apresentaram refluxo laringofaríngeo (Reflux Sympton Index positivo e/ou Reflux Finding Score positivo). O índice de massa corpórea foi fator preditor da presença de refluxo laringofaríngeo nesse grupo de pacientes com síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada e acentuada. Nos pacientes cujos Reflux Sympton Index e o escore de achados endolaríngeos foram positivos (12,3%), houve uma tendência à significância para maior índice de apneia e hipopneia e maior porcentagem do tempo de sono com saturação de oxi-hemoglobina abaixo de 90% (p = 0,05). Conclusão A prevalência de refluxo laringofaríngeo foi alta nesse grupo de pacientes com síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada e acentuada e o índice de massa corpórea foi fator preditor de refluxo nesses pacientes. Houve uma tendência a maior dessaturacão de oxi-hemoglobina em pacientes com "índice de sintomas de refluxo" e escore de achados endolaríngeos positivos.

Síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono e sua relação com o sobrepeso materno e riscos ao neonato / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its relationship to maternal overweight and risks to the neonate

Durante a gravidez, a gestante sofre com mudanças fisiológicas e hormonais, podendo alterar seu sono e desenvolver a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS). Objetivou-se com o estudo analisar a relação entre SAOS, sobrepeso materno e riscos ao neonato, com buscas nas fontes de dados PubMed, SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online); Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) e Google Acadêmico. Com o estudo, inferiu-se que a SAOS contribui para a mortalidade hospitalar materna, principalmente, por embolia pulmonar e cardiomiopatia. Em gestantes obesas, essa síndrome apresenta aumento na prevalência riscos de pré-eclâmpsia, aborto e natimortalidade. Quando estão associadas SAOS, gestação e obesidade, há maior risco de o neonato nascer por parto cesariano e ser admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Dessa forma, a apneia obstrutiva do sono influencia tanto a vida de gestantes com peso normal quanto com sobrepeso.(AU)

During pregnancy, the pregnant woman undergoes physiological and hormonal changes, which can alter her sleep and develop obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between OSAS, maternal overweight and risks to the neonate, with searches in PubMed, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) data sources; Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences) and Google Scholar. With the study, it was inferred that OSAS contributes to maternal hospital mortality, mainly due to pulmonary embolism and cardiomyopathy. In obese pregnant women, this syndrome presents an increase in the prevalence risks of pre-eclampsia, abortion and stillbirth. When OSAS, gestation and obesity are associated, there is a greater risk of the neonate born for cesarean delivery and being admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Thus, obstructive sleep apnea influences both the life of normal and overweight pregnant women.(AU)

Apneia obstrutiva do sono e doença cardiovascular / Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular diseases

A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é uma condição prevalente, que tem sido associada com diversas consequências cardiovasculares, sendo a hipertensão arterial a mais bem descrita. Entretanto, doença arterial coronariana, arritmias cardíacas, acidente vascular cerebral e risco aumentado de mortalidade cardiovascular têm sido descritos na literatura em populações clínicas e na população geral, com diferentes níveis de evidência. Ressaltamos também a maior prevalência de AOS em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares estabelecidas, possivelmente explicada pela coexistência de fatores de risco comuns tais como a idade, o sexo masculino e o sobrepeso/obesidade. Neste artigo discutiremos brevemente a associação de AOS e cada uma dessas condições clínicas, bem como o que há de evidência até o momento para o efeito do tratamento da AOS com a pressão positiva contínua de vias aéreas (CPAP) na prevenção dos desfechos cardiovasculares e mortalidade

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition that has been associated with several cardiovascular sequelae, among which hypertension is the best documented condition. However, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke and increased risk for cardiovascular mortality have been described in the literature in both the general population and in clinical settings, with different levels of evidence. We also emphasize the higher prevalence of OSA in patients with established cardiovascular disease, possibly due to the coexistence of common risk factors such as age, male sex and overweight/obesity. In this article we will briefly discuss the association of OSA and each of these clinical conditions, as well as the current evidence for the effect of OSA treatment with continuous positive airway sure (CPAP) on the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality

Riesgo de apnea obstructiva del sueño y nivel de actividad física y su asociación con riesgo cardiovascular elevado en adultos chilenos / Risk of obstructive sleep apnea and levels of physical activity and its association with elevated cardiovascular risk in chilean adults

Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) está asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Sujetos y métodos: Se seleccionaron 3.657 sujetos entre 30 y 74 años (x: 50,1 ±12,1 DS) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010. Se estimó el riesgo de AOS mediante una regla de predicción clínica (RPC) basada en las variables del Cuestionario STOP-Bang. Según puntaje se clasificaron en Riesgo BAJO (< 3), MEDIO (3-4) y ALTO (≥ 5) de AOS. El nivel de actividad física (NAF) fue clasificado en 3 niveles: Bajo, Moderado y Alto, según los resultados autorreportados con el cuestionario GPAQ. Para estudiar la asociación entre el riesgo de AOS y NAF con el RCV Alto/Muy Alto (≥ 10%, Framingham) construimos un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por sexo, edad, IMC, diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, colesterol total elevado, colesterol HDL bajo, triglicéridos elevados, nivel educacional, tabaquismo y horas de sueño autorreportadas. Resultados: 3.098 sujetos se clasificaron como riesgo de AOS: BAJO 1.683 (54,3%), MEDIO 1.116 (36%) y ALTO 299 (9,7%). El NAF fue evaluado en 3.570 sujetos, y clasificado como: Nivel Bajo 1.093 (30,6%), Moderado 705 (19,7%), y Alto 1.772 (49,6%). El RCV fue determinado en 3.613 sujetos, y 711 (19,7%) clasificaron como riesgo Alto /Muy Alto. El modelo de regresión muestra: riesgo MEDIO un OR = 1,75 (1,05-2,90; p = 0,03), riesgo ALTO un OR = 3,86 (1,85-8,06; p < 0,001). Para el NAF Bajo un OR = 1,14 (0,75-1,74; p = 0,525), NAF Moderado un OR = 1,18 (0,73-1,92; p = 0,501). Conclusión: El riesgo MEDIO y ALTO de AOS, pero no el NAF autorreportado, constituyen un factor de riesgo independiente para riesgo cardiovascular elevado.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Subjects and methods: 3,657 subjects between 30 and 74 years-old ( x ¯: 50.1 ± 12.1 SD) from 2010 Chilean National Health Survey were selected. Risk of OSA was estimated using a clinical prediction rule (CPR) based on the variables of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire. According to their score they were classified as LOW (< 3), MEDIUM (3-4) and HIGH (≥ 5) risk of OSA. Their physical activity level (PAL) was classified into 3 levels: Low, Moderate and High, according to the self-reported results with the GPAQ questionnaire. To study the association between the risk of OSA and PAL with High / Very High CVR (≥ 10%, Framingham) we constructed a logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, educational level, smoking and self-reported sleep hours. Results: 3,098 subjects were classified as OSA risk: LOW 1.683 (54.3%), MEDIUM 1.116 (36%) and HIGH 299 (9.7%). The PAL was evaluated in 3,570 subjects and classified as: Low 1,093 (30.6%), Moderate 705 (19.7%), and High 1,772 (49.6%). The CVR was determined in 3,613 subjects, and 711 (19.7%) classified as High/Very High risk. The regression model shows: MEDIUM risk an OR = 1.75 (1.05 - 2.90, p = 0.03), HIGH risk an OR = 3.86 (1.85-8.06, p < 0.001). For the PAL Low an OR = 1.14 (0.75-1.74, p = 0.525), PAL Moderate an OR = 1.18 (0.73-1.92, p = 0.501). Conclusion: The MEDIUM and HIGH risk of OSA, but not the self-reported PAL, constitute an independent risk factor for high cardiovascular risk.

Riesgos anestésicos en los pacientes con apnea obstructiva del sueño / Obstructive sleep apnea anesthesic risk factors

Anesthesia and airway management in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) presents difficulties regarding the ventilation mask, intubation and ventilation after extubation. Approximately 10% to 20% of surgical patients have high probability of OSA and 81% of them have not been previously diagnosed. Early identification of these patients and the implementation of strategies to reduce perioperative respiratory depression, improves the perioperative care and reduces the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with confirmed or suspected OSA who receive sedation or anesthesia for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures under the care of an anesthesiologist. The available literature is reviewed in terms of complications and recommendations for the perioperative management of patients at risk of OSA with or without previous diagnosis.

La anestesia y manipulación de vía aérea en pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) presenta dificultades con respecto a la máscara de ventilación, intubación y ventilación posterior a extubación. Aproximadamente 10% a 20% de los pacientes quirúrgicos presentan alta probabilidad para SAHOS y 81% de ellos no han sido previamente diagnosticados. La identificación temprana de estos pacientes y la implementación de estrategias para disminuir la depresión respiratoria perioperatoria, mejora el cuidado perioperatorio y reduce el riesgo de complicaciones en pacientes con sospecha de SAHOS o SAHOS definido, quienes se someterán a sedación o anestesia para procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos. Se revisa la literatura disponible en cuanto a complicaciones y recomendaciones para el manejo perioperatorio del paciente en riesgo de SAHOS con o sin diagnóstico previo.